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Orthodontics is the field of dentistry dealing with correcting malalignment of teeth to restore function and esthetics. Nowadays, the number of people seeking orthodontic treatment has increased in comparison to older times. This shows a striking increase in dental awareness and also a need for increased esthetics in dentistry. Orthodontic treatment should result in an ideal occlusion while keeping esthetics in mind. Improper alignment of teeth may cause masticatory dysfunction. Prolonged periods of malaligned teeth may cause adverse effects to the temporomandibular joint, resulting in increased discomfort for the patients.

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Historical Overview of Orthodontics:

The initial attempt to scientifically move teeth was done by Pierre Fauchard, the father of modern dentistry in 1728. An arch shaped metal band with holes was used. This arrangement gave only tipping control in one dimension. It was inadequate for controlling rotations. In 1860, occipital anchorage was introduced by Norman Kingsley

The following advancements were made in the field of orthodontics during the 19^th century:

• Invention of the first wire crib by Christophe Francois Delabarre in the year 1819. Wire cribs were primitive model of the dental brace
• The use of gum elastics to correct jaw alignment can be credited to Dr. Edward Maynard. He used an elastic material that connects the wiring to the mouth to move the jaw slowly until proper alignment was achieved.
• Elaborating Dr. Maynard’s use of gum elastics, E. J. Tucker took a rubber tubing and cut it into small bands to make them fit comfortably in the mouth
• In the year 1864, Dr. S.C. Barnum, a dentist from New York invented the rubber dental dam. This was a major advancement in isolation in dentistry.
• Henry A. Baker combined many of the previous ideas into one orthodontic treatment. He devised the “Baker anchorage” that combined the rubber tubing and the wire crib.
• Towards the end of the 19^th century, Eugene S. Talbot, incorporated the use of x-ray into orthodontic procedures.

Edward Hartley Angle, dominated the field of Orthodontics in the early 20^th century. He is known as the Father of Modern Orthodontics. He introduced the Edgewise appliance, modifications of which are still used today.

 

What are the types of orthodontic brackets available?

Brackets are important elements of fixed appliance therapy in orthodontics. They are used to hold the archwire in place and should offer very little friction to the wire. Based on different factors brackets may be classified as:

• Large, Mini or Ultramini -  Based on size
• Straight or Curved -  Base of bracket
• Narrow, Medium or Wide – Based on width
• Single or Twin – Based on technique used

 

CONVENTIONAL BRACES:

The traditional brackets used in fixed orthodontics are based on Angle’s appliance.

The term ‘orthodontic bracket’, introduced by Angle when he devised the edgewise appliance. Angle considered the following properties as essential for brackets:

• Simple
• Stable
• Efficient
• Delicate
• Inconspicuous

Conventional brackets are available in metal as well cosmetic alternatives such as ceramic brackets. Traditional orthodontic therapy can be used in pediatric patients as it gives the doctor a greater control over the treatment.

A few of the olden day devices which have been modified in the present day are the edgewise appliance, Begg appliance, Twin brackets and Lewis brackets.

 

Edgewise Appliance:

The idea behind naming these appliances was based on the rectangular wire inserted into the narrow or edge wise position of the bracket. The slot was oriented from vertical to horizontal. This solved the problems encountered with previous appliances. This was one of Angle’s last achievement in the field of orthodontics.

 

Begg Appliance:

The Begg appliance was developed by Dr. P.R. Begg in the year 1956. Lock pins were used to secure the wire in position. The types of lock pins used were safety lock pins, double safety pin and hook pin. They used ribbon arch type brackets with slots to accept .016’ wires.

 

Twin Brackets:

Two edgewise brackets were joined together to form the twin bracket, also called the “Siamese Twin Bracket”. They came to available in four sizes, extra wide, standard, intermediate and junior. A modification of these brackets was the introduction of a curved base to conform to the surfaces of canine and premolar teeth. This resulted in greater rotational and axial control.

 

Lewis Brackets:

These brackets were designed as a development to bring about effective tooth rotation. An auxiliary rotation arm was abutted against the bracket itself, amd a deflecting arm in contact with the archwire. This ensured greater control over rotation and resulted in effective treatment of rotations.

 

NEW AGE BRACES:

 

Self Ligating brackets were first introduced by Stolzenberg in 1935 (Russell Lock Edgewise attachment). These brackets eliminate the necessity of an elastic or wire ligature to hold the arch wire. They are designed in a way that an internal mechanism allows the opening and closing with the use of an instrument or fingertips.

Lingual brackets were a result of the increased need to look good even while undergoing orthodontic treatment. Dr. Craven Kurz from California, modified labial appliances and made the lingual bonded edgewise appliance for the first time in 1975

 

ANCHORAGE:

T.M Graber defines anchorage as the nature and degree of resistance to displacement offered by an anatomic unit when used for purpose of effecting tooth movement. Anchorage can be intra oral or extra oral. Intraoral anchorage can be achieved through teeth, alveolar bone, basal bone or musculature. Extra-oral anchorage is achieved by the use of head gears and other appliances.

 

ARCHWIRES & ELASTICS:

Archwires:

Archwires are the active components of fixed appliances that bring about tooth movement through brackets and buccal tubes. Historically, archwires were made of noble metals such as gold, platinum, iridium, silver and others. Although these metals and alloys had good corrosion resistance, they lacked flexibility and the tensile strength required in tooth movement.

The following elastic properties of archwires are important aspects in determining the efficiency of arch wires:

• Proportional limit
• Yield strength
• Ultimate tensile strength
• Modulus of elasticity
• Point of failure
• Range
• Springback
• Stiffness
• Formability
• Resilience
• Toughness
• Brittleness
• Fatigue and,
• Flexibility

Archwires materials:

Stainless steel archwires are the most commonly used archwire materials, using 18-8 ratio of chromium and nickel with austenitic stainless steel. They are resistant to corrosion and offer higher degrees of force to the tooth

Cobalt Chromium archwires were developed in the 1950s and commercially marketed as Elgiloy. But the use of these wires diminished by the end of the 20^th century.

Nickel Titanium archwires were introduced into fixed orthodontics due to their shape memory feature. They are useful in initial alignment.

Beta Titanium archwires are in use in orthodontics for about two decades. They are commercially marketed as TMA (Titanium Molybdenum alloy). They offer a highly desirable combination of strength, springiness and flexibility

 

Elastics:

Elastomerics and elastics are frequently used as active components of orthodontic therapy. With good patient compliance, elastics can be used by the orthodontist to correct both anteroposterior and vertical discrepancies. Natural and synthetic elastics are used in orthodontic therapy. The majority of elastics used in orthodontics are made of natural latex. Synthetic alternatives have been manufactured to be used for patients with sensitivity to latex.

Elastics are available in different sizes, delivering different forces as deemed necessary. Intra oral and extra oral elastics are available to be used accordingly. The use of elastics is predicted on the values of force given by the manufacturers. They can be used in various configurations to effectively correct malocclusions. Newer advances such as fluoride releasing elastics can be used to minimize the risk of demineralization and to minimize the plaque retaining capacity of elastic and elastomeric chains.

 

 ORTHO ACCESSORIES:

There are a number of auxiliary materials that are used in orthodontics to enhance the procedure. They may be grouped as:

• Retainer Materials
• Relief Waxes
• Adhesives
• Expansion Screws & Springs
• Lingual Attachments

Retainer materials include thermoforming sheets that can be used to fabricate retainers and co axial wires, most commonly used lingual bonded retainer materials.

Relief waxes can aid the patient in reducing the pain and ulceration caused by sharp orthodontic attachments or archwires. This increases patient comfort and compliance to treatment.

Ortho Adhesives are used to bond the brackets to the tooth surfaces. Light cure adhesive kits manufactured specifically for bonding orthodontic brackets are available to facilitate the procedure

Expansion Screws are used to bring about expansion of the dental arch. They are most commonly used to expand the maxillary dental arch, by causing mid palatal expansion.

Springs such as the open and closed coil springs are used in orthodontics to bring about tooth movements at a faster rate.

Lingual attachments used in conjunction with lingual braces such as lingual buttons, sheaths and cleats are available for engaging elastics and other products.

 

What are the brands selling orthodontic materials online?

D-tech Ortho, Metro Orthodontics, Canadian Orthodontics, Forstadent,  3M Unitek, Ortho Technology, Anabond, Eco, DR Toms, Optima, Koden, Sigma, Deor, Dentomech, GH Ortho are a few of the many brands that sell high quality orthodontic materials online at PinkBlue.in

 

Why buy orthodontic materials online at PinkBlue.in?

PinkBlue.in has a wide range of orthodontic materials from the best brands, all available at one place. Materials used in orthodontics supplied by various manufacturers and vendors are added to the website, facilitating comparison between products to choose the ones that best suit your clinical practice. With various convenient modes of payment, PinkBlue ensures prompt delivery of your orders at your doorstep. We also offer free delivery for orders worth over Rs.500, to add more value to your money.